Issue: 2025/Vol.35/No.3, Pages
AN APPROACH TO SPATIAL LOCALIZATION OF DYNAMIC OBJECTS IN A LARGE SWARMS BASED ON A COMBINATION OF GPS AND BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGIES
Victor Bocharnikov 
, Sergey Sveshnikov
This is not yet the definitive version of the paper. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article.
Cite as: V. Bocharnikov, S. Sveshnikov. An approach to spatial localization of dynamic objects in a large swarms based on a combination of GPS and Bluetooth technologies. Operations Research and Decisions 2025: 35(3). DOI 10.37190/ord250305
Abstract
In large swarms of dynamic objects (for example, tens of thousands of people in a stadium during mass events), it is difficult to equip all objects with full-fledged GPS sensors to determine coordinates and transmit them to the security system. Therefore, we propose using a combination of two technologies: GPS (active objects) and Bluetooth (passive objects). Passive objects periodically emit a radio signal with a unique identification number. Active objects detect passive objects and communicate with the security system. This interaction scheme gives rise to the problem of determining the coordinates of passive objects. We present a set of novel algorithms to estimate and refine the coordinates of passive objects through information redundancy, which occurs when a passive object is detected by several active objects. Under favourable conditions, the use of this set of algorithms is equivalent to equipping passive objects with GPS sensors.
Keywords: coordinate measurement, large swarms, Bluetooth-technology, fuzzy filtering
Received: 21 October 2024 Accepted: 16 March 2024
Published online: 30 March 2024